Inviting politics in: When and how school party visits matter for democratic learning

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11576/jsse-8085

Keywords:

civic education, political engagment, extracurricular activities, youth and democracy, political parties

Abstract

Highlights:

- Political party visits prompt students to interpret and evaluate their openness to politics.

- Students’ experiences are shaped by classroom climate, group dynamics, and personal relevance.

- Authentic dialogue and balanced representation increase students’ trust in politics.

- Poorly structured visits may reinforce cynicism and political disengagement.

Purpose: This article examines how upper secondary students in Sweden experience political party visits to school, and how these encounters can be understood in relation to democratic learning.

Design/methodology/approach: Based on seven focus group interviews across three schools with varying exposure to party visits, the study adopts an inductive thematic analysis to explore how students experience and make sense of these encounters.

Findings: Students experienced the visits as social encounters rather than lessons, assessing politics as a practice. Engagement was shaped by relational dynamics and visit design, with well-prepared and balanced encounters fostering credibility and interest, while poorly planned visits had the opposite effect.

Research limitations/implications: Due to a relatively small sample, caution is warranted when generalising the findings. Future studies should examine broader contexts and use complementary methods.

Practical implications: Schools should ensure equitable access, prepare students, and create respectful settings to maximise the educational value of party visits

References

Andersson, K., Persson, M., & Zetterberg, P. (2019). Är skolan demokratifrämjande? Kopplingen mellan utbildning och demokratiska färdigheter: En forskningsöversikt [Is school promoting democracy? The link between education and democratic competencies: A research overview]. Forum för levande historia. https://www.levandehistoria.se/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Ar-skolan-demokratiframjande.pdf

Barbour, R. S. (2018). Doing focus groups. SAGE.

Biesta, G. (2007). Education and the democratic person: Towards a political conception of democratic education. Teachers College Record, 109(3), 740–769. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146810710900302

Bolin, N. (2023). Politiska partiers skolbesök [Political parties’ school visits]. In MUCF (Ed.), Skolval 2022 i samband med riksdagsvalet. Myndigheten för ungdoms- och civilsamhällesfrågor.

Bolin, N., & Backlund, A. (2021). De politiska ungdomsförbundens medlemmar [Members of the political youth associations]. In MUCF (Ed.), Fokus 21 - Vilja Att Förändra. Drivkrafter, Hinder Och Utmaningar För Ungas Samhällsengagemang (pp. 97–130). Myndigheten för ungdoms- och civilsamhällesfrågor.

Borge, J. A. O. (2017). Tuning in to formal politics: Mock elections at school and the intention of electoral participation among first-time voters in Norway. Politics, 37(2), 201–214. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395716674730

Borge, J. A. O. (2018). “Am I a politics person?” A qualitative study of students’ perspectives on mock elections as political education. Journal of Social Science Education, 17(3), 63–74. https://doi.org/10.4119/jsse-876

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Campbell, D. E. (2006). Why we vote: How schools and communities shape our civic life. Princeton University Press.

Campbell, D. E. (2008). Voice in the classroom: How an open classroom climate fosters political engagement among adolescents. Political Behavior, 30(4), 437–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-008-9063-z

Campbell, S., Greenwood, M., Prior, S., Shearer, T., Walkem, K., Young, S., Bywaters, D., & Walker, K. (2020). Purposive sampling: Complex or simple? Research case examples. Journal of Research in Nursing, 25(8), 652–661. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987120927206

Claes, E., & Hooghe, M. (2017). The effect of political science education on political trust and interest: Results from a five-year panel study. Journal of Political Science Education, 13(1), 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/15512169.2016.1171153

Conway, J. M., Amel, E. L., & Gerwien, D. P. (2009). Teaching and learning in the social context: A meta-analysis of service learning’s effects on academic, personal, social, and citizenship outcomes. Teaching of Psychology, 36(4), 233–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986280903172969

Crisp, R. J., Stathi, S., Turner, R. N., & Husnu, S. (2009). Imagined intergroup contact: Theory, paradigm and practice. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00155.x

Crisp, R. J., & Turner, R. N. (2012). Chapter three: The imagined contact hypothesis. In J. M. Olson & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 46, pp. 125–182). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394281-4.00003-9

de Groot, I., & Eidhof, B. (2019). Mock elections as a way to cultivate democratic development and a democratic school culture. London Review of Education, 17(3), Article 11. https://doi.org/10.18546/LRE.17.3.11

Eyler, J., & Giles, D. E. (1999). Where’s the learning in service-learning? Jossey-Bass.

Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. Qualitative Inquiry, 12(2), 219–245. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800405284363

Galston, W. A. (2004). Civic education and political participation. PS: Political Science & Politics, 37(2), 263–266. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096504004202

Hendrickson, P. (2021). Effect of active learning techniques on student excitement, interest, and self-efficacy. Journal of Political Science Education, 17(2), 311–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/15512169.2019.1629946

Hess, D. A. (2004a). Beyond guest speakers. Social Education, 68(5), 347–348. https://www.socialstudies.org/social-education/68/5/beyond-guest-speakers

Hess, D. A. (2004b). Controversies about controversial issues in democratic education. PS: Political Science & Politics, 37(2), 257–261. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096504004196

Hess, D. A., & McAvoy, P. (2015). The political classroom: Evidence and ethics in democratic education. Routledge.

Hoskins, B., Huang, L., & Arensmeier, C. (2021). Socioeconomic inequalities in civic learning in Nordic schools: Identifying the potential of in-school civic participation for disadvantaged students. In H. Biseth, B. Hoskins, & L. Huang (Eds.), Northern lights on civic and citizenship education (pp. 93–122). Springer.

Isac, M. M., Maslowski, R., & van der Werf, G. (2011). Effective civic education: An educational effectiveness model for explaining students’ civic knowledge. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 22(3), 313–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2011.571542

Kahne, J. E., & Sporte, S. E. (2008). Developing citizens: The impact of civic learning opportunities on students’ commitment to civic participation. American Educational Research Journal, 45(3), 738–766. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27667149

Keating, A., & Janmaat, J. G. (2015). Education through citizenship at school: Do school activities have a lasting impact on youth political engagement? Parliamentary Affairs, 69(2), 409–429. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsv017

Kiess, J. (2022). Learning by doing: The impact of experiencing democracy in education on political trust and participation. Politics, 42(1), 75–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395721990287

Kitzinger, J. (1995). Qualitative research: Introducing focus groups. BMJ, 311(7000), 299–302. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.311.7000.299

Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Prentice-Hall.

Knowles, R. T., & McCafferty-Wright, J. (2015). Connecting an open classroom climate to social movement citizenship: A study of 8th graders in Europe using IEA ICCS data. The Journal of Social Studies Research, 39(4), 255–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssr.2015.03.002

Larsen, E. G., Levinsen, K., & Kjaer, U. (2016). Democracy for the youth? The impact of mock elections on voting-age attitudes. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 26(4), 435–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2016.1186031

Levy, B. L. M., Solomon, B. G., & Collet-Gildard, L. (2016). Fostering political interest among youth during the 2012 presidential election: Instructional opportunities and challenges in a swing state. Educational Researcher, 45(9), 483–495. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X16683402

Lo, J. C., & Tierney, G. (2017). Maintaining interest in politics: “Engagement first” in a U.S. high school government course. Journal of Social Science Education, 16(3), 62–73. https://doi.org/10.4119/jsse-843

Malak-Minkiewicz, B., & Torney-Purta, J. (Eds.). (2021). Influences of the IEA civic and citizenship education studies: Practice, policy, and research across countries and regions. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71102-3

McDonnell, D., Ammassari, S., Valbruzzi, M., Bolin, N., Werner, A., Heinisch, R., Jungar, A.-C., & Wegscheider, C. (2024). Inside party youth wings: The YOUMEM project. Party Politics, 31(6). https://doi.org/10.1177/13540688241310349

McKinney, M. S., & Chattopadhyay, S. (2007). Political engagement through debates: Young citizens’ reactions to the 2004 presidential debates: Young citizens’ reactions to the 2004 presidential debates. American Behavioral Scientist, 50(9), 1169–1182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764207300050

Miklikowska, M., Rekker, R., & Kudrnac, A. (2022). A little more conversation a little less prejudice: The role of classroom political discussions for youth’s attitudes toward immigrants. Political Communication, 39(3), 405–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2022.2032502

Morgan, D. (1997). Focus groups as qualitative research. SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412984287

Möllenborg, E. (2023). Diskurser och dilemman i gymnasieskolans samhällskunskapsundervisning [Discourses and dilemmas in upper secondary school civics teaching]. Linnaeus University Press.

Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751–783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751

Quintelier, E. (2010). The effect of schools on political participation: A multilevel logistic analysis. Research Papers in Education, 25(2), 137–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671520802524810

Sandahl, J. (2019). Studying politics or being political? High school students’ assessment of the welfare state. Journal of Social Science Education, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.4119/jsse-900

Sandahl, J., Tväråna, M., & Jakobsson, M. (2022). Samhällskunskap (social science education) in Sweden: A country report. Journal of Social Science Education, 21(3). https://doi.org/10.11576/jsse-5339

Sant, E. (2019). Democratic education: A theoretical review (2006–2017). Review of Educational Research, 89(5), 655–696. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654319862493

Schuitema, J., Radstake, H., van de Pol, J., & Veugelers, W. (2018). Guiding classroom discussions for democratic citizenship education. Educational Studies, 44(4), 377–407. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2017.1373629

Schulz, W., Ainley, J., Fraillon, J., Kerr, D., & Losito, B. (2010). ICCS 2009 international report: Civic knowledge, attitudes, and engagement among lower-secondary school students in 38 countries. International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA).

Sun, R., & Janmaat, J. G. (2025). The lasting influence of an open climate of classroom discussion on political trust: Results from a seven-year panel study among English youth. British Educational Research Journal, 51(2), 629–645. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.4091

Swedish Ministry of Education. (2010). Skollag (SFS 2010:800) [Education Act]. https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/skollag-2010800_sfs-2010-800

Theobald, E. J., Eddy, S. L., Grunspan, D. Z., Wiggins, B. L., & Crowe, A. J. (2017). Student perception of group dynamics predicts individual performance: Comfort and equity matter. PLoS ONE, 12(7): e0181336. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181336

Teegelbeckers, J. Y., Nieuwelink, H., & Oostdam, R. J. (2023). School-based teaching for democracy: A systematic review of teaching methods in quantitative intervention studies. Educational Research Review, 39, 100511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2023.100511

Torney-Purta, J., Lehmann, R., Oswald, H., & Schulz, W. (2001). Citizenship and education in twenty-eight countries: Civic knowledge and engagement at age fourteen. International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA).

Wallin, P., Manneh, I., Jonsson, L., Melin, C., Olson, M., & Persson, M. (2022). Att lära demokrati – lärares arbetssätt i fokus (Systematisk forskningssammanställning 2022:03) [Teaching democracy: teachers’ working methods in focus (Systematic research compilation)] . Skolforskningsinstitutet. https://www.skolfi.se/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Att-lara-demokrati.pdf

Öhrvall, R., & Oskarsson, S. (2020). Practice makes voters? Effects of student mock elections on turnout. Politics, 40(3), 377–393. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395719875110

Downloads

Metrics
Views/Downloads
  • Abstract
    141
  • PDF
    137
Further information

Published

2026-04-01

How to Cite

Bolin, N., & Jacobsson, J. (2026). Inviting politics in: When and how school party visits matter for democratic learning . JSSE - Journal of Social Science Education, 25. https://doi.org/10.11576/jsse-8085

Issue

Section

Article - Open Call